Cellular respiration Free Essay Example, 1250 words

A nucleoside diphosphate and a free phosphate molecule are formed from the reaction. Therefore, this reaction can proceed in either direction and can be illustrated by the following chemical equation: ADP  +  Ã¢â€žâ€"  Ã¢â€ â€Ã‚  ATP  +  H2O The process of cellular respiration allows ATP molecules to be made. Therefore, living cells can access this energy by breaking up these bonds. This same energy is made available to other cells through the transportation of ATP molecules to the cells. Sometimes it is not possible to transfer the entire ATP molecule. Therefore, the phosphate group is conveyed to another molecule, which then becomes phosphorylated, and can liberate energy by releasing the phosphate molecule. It is important to be conversant with all the steps that lead to the generation of ATP in order to comprehend the effect of rotenone on cellular respiration. The Process of Cellular Respiration The initial step in cellular respiration is glycolysis where glucose, a six-carbon molecule, is changed into two three-carbon molecules known as pyruvic acid. The initial step involves the conversion of glucose into glucose-6-phosphate, which is catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase. Glucose-6-phosphate is then converted to fructose-6-phosphate under the influence of phosphoglucoisomerase. We will write a custom essay sample on Cellular respiration or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The resultant fructose-6-phosphate is further phosphorylated to yield fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Subsequently, aldolase catalyzes the breakdown of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehydes phosphate. A series of five additional reactions lead to the formation of two molecules of phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP). Pyruvate kinase then catalyzes the transfer of the phosphate groups from PEP to ADP leading to the formation of pyruvate and two molecules of ATP in addition to two water molecules and two NADH molecules. Glycolysis does not require the availability of oxygen and takes place in the cell cytoplasm. The entire glycolytic pathway consumes two molecules of ATP and generates four ATP molecules. Therefore, the net amount of energy yielded is two molecules of ATP. The chemical equation that summarizes glycolysis is as follows: Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2Pi + 2ADP → 2Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O Figure 1: The glycolytic pathway (Garrett and Grisham 427). Pyruvic acid from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. A molecule of carbon dioxide and NADH are also formed. The enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is responsible for this reaction, which may take place in the cytosol or the mitochondria (Garret and Grisham 428).

Parents And Children Should Not Have Vaccinations

Some critics believe parents and children should not have vaccinations. There’s still a debate going on because the medical community does not agree. Healthcare professionals believes everyone should be vaccinated and it is very important. They believe vaccinations protect you when traveling, prevent childhood illnesses, it’s painless, and you take it once and you are protected for life (Pros and Cons, 2015). These diseases from other countries can be brought back into the United States and cause an outbreak of diseases. Other people believe vaccinations are 90%-95% effective, but there is still 5% that can still come in contact with the disease (Pros and Cons, 2015). They think it doesn’t capture the illness and immunity lasts longer if created by natural circumstances (Pros and Cons, 2015). Some schools require certain vaccinations to be taken before starting to school. Fourteen studies have been conducted by Amanda Peet, a vaccine manufacturer, and she believe s there is no association between autism and vaccines. No real studies have ever been done but medical professions believe this is fake (Peet, n.d). Whether or not a parent cannot pay for vaccinations is no problem. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) distributes vaccines to state health departments and other local agencies. These agencies distribute them to private-physicians’ offices, at no charge to those receiving vaccines (Vaccines for Children, 2014). The Childhood Immunization Support Program (CISP) hasShow MoreRelatedVaccinations Should Be Mandatory For Children1633 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the years, there have been many serious diseases that plagued the world, a number of which have been eradicated through the widespread administration of vaccinations. In the 1950s, the number of polio cases in the United States was at 58,000, and in 1988, this disease had affected 350,000 people (11 Facts About Polio). Because polio mainly affects children under the age of five, it became very important to parents that something was done to cure and protect their children. When the polio vaccineRead MoreVaccinations And How Vaccines Protect Us All By Harrison Wein And Beliefs About Childhood Vaccinations1428 Words   |  6 Pageswhat can help one to remain healthy, vaccinations come to mind. Vaccinations, to many people, are a necessity to remain healthy. I know when I was younger I hated to get a shot, but when I think about it today I am glad my parents made me get them. My mother was a nurse, so she knew the importance of vaccinations. Unfortunately, in todays’ society some parents think vaccinations can be more harmful then helpful, therefore refusing to vaccinate their children. The articles â€Å"How Vaccines Protect UsRead MoreCompulsory Vaccinations And The Public Health Intervention Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversy is when it comes to compulsory vaccinations, the public health intervention will always have negative or ha rmful effects in combination with the benefits of compulsory vaccinations. For those that stand behind the argument that immunizations are unnecessary in our children, have argued that the vaccine industry has misrepresented the safety of vaccines. They also have argued that they have covered up information regarding certain vaccinations to gain from the financial standard. In orderRead MoreThe First Vaccination For Smallpox Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesThe first vaccination for smallpox was discovered in 1796 by Edward Jenner; since then there have been arguments over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, and safety of all vaccinations. A vaccination is a killed or weakened organism that is used to create immunity that protects you from a particular disease without causing the suffering from the disease itself. Immunizations have saved more than a billon lives and protected civilians in the United States from life threatening diseases. During theRead MoreA Research Study On Unoff icial Vaccination Education Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pages Unofficial Vaccination Education When parents are trying to decide whether to vaccinate their child, they generally research the risks and benefits of vaccination. Johnson and Capdevila stated that in their study, â€Å"The participants stated that they had learned about†¦ vaccinations through media coverage, the Internet, health professionals†¦ and other mothers† (2014.) The media can be seen as friend or foe because they always cover popular controversies; however, it is well known that what mass mediaRead MorePrevention And Prevention Of Immunization1113 Words   |  5 Pagesdiseases that can be deadly especially to young children and infants. The process, as explained by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is referred to as the â€Å"4:3:1:3 series,† which represents the number of dosages of vaccines required to fend off diseases such as mealses, mumps, tetsnus, and many others (â€Å"Immunization†). In recent years there has been a movement mainly empowered by ne w mothers to forgo some or all vaccinations for their children. The following paragraphs will include anRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandatory For All Children1311 Words   |  6 Pageschildhood vaccinations have been making an appearance. Health officials are concerned that diseases will spread and lives will be lost. Officials all agree that vaccinations will benefit the population. Some parents feel it is an infringement on the right to keep the children healthy and safe. Vaccinations should be mandatory for all children because it will prevent diseases from spreading, protect future generations, and save children and parents time and money. Childhood vaccinations have not beenRead MoreVaccinations, Do They Protect Or Are They Harmful?904 Words   |  4 PagesTo Vaccinate, or not to Vaccinate Vaccinations, do they protect or are they harmful? This is a question that every parent ponders when it is time to inject their children with medicines. Since vaccinations first began being administered in 1800s there have been those who protest them and those who stand behind them. It is a parents choice to have their children vaccinated or to opt out of vaccinations. A vaccine or immunization is a dose administered by either injection, orally or sometimes nasallyRead MoreWhy Children Should Be Vaccinated942 Words   |  4 Pagesvaccinate, has been a question many parents in America have been asking themselves for years. Some parents believe that it is their right to decide if their children will be vaccinated; while some states believe that all children should be vaccinated. There are logical and illogical reasons for this argument. There should be a federal law that requires parents to vaccinate their children because it will lower the number of deaths, benefit those children who have lower immune systems, and it can getRead MoreShould Vaccinations Be Mandatory For Children1358 Words   |  6 PagesShould Vaccinations Be Mandatory For Children in the United States? In the United States, the law states that vaccinations are required for children entering school unless they have a valid reason that prevents them from receiving the vaccinations. Starting when children are born, they begin the regimen of vaccinations that continue throughout their adolescent years and adulthood. Each year children receive a variation of shots to protect them from the illnesses they will encounter in the world

A Doll’s House English A1 Higher Level Paper 1 Free Essays

A spectacle is an event that is memorable for the appearance it creates. The appearance in Henrik Ibsen’s play is created due to three factors: first, the idea of the play, second, the dramatic structure which imposes a clear order on human behavior and makes it understandable and predictable, and finally, the dramatic techniques used to convey the message. The idea of the play itself makes it spectacular since nothing can be more fascinating than the emergence of a new individuality and a new state of mind in front of the spectator’s eyes. We will write a custom essay sample on A Doll’s House English A1 Higher Level Paper 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main character, Nora, lives in her husband’s doll house, leading the life of a doll wife.When her husband falls ill, she borrows money illegally by forging her father’s signature to save her husband’s life, and consequently finds herself in an ambiguous position. Unfortunately, she cannot comprehend the severity of her decision to commit an illegal deed as well as to lie to her husband about it. This situation leads to her epiphany about the realities of the world, ruining the doll’s house. What makes this play fascinating is that contrary to audience’s expectations, Nora musters her energy to stop acting as a disobedient child and decides to discover and educate herself in order to find her individuality.Like a phoenix rising from the ashes, she emerges as a new person from her false life in a doll’s house. What the audience remembers in â€Å"A Doll’s House† is the message of the play that was very controversial in the times of Ibsen. The message that a woman can go against societal morals and conventions in Ibsen’s times would be a very notorious topic to discuss, let alone put in a play to be performed in front of hundreds of people. The play was even banned for a long time. Another factor that makes the spectacle of the drama unforgettable is the clear dramatic structure that Ibsen imposes on the action and behavior of people in the play.The structure of the play has a clear beginning, in which Ibsen creates an idyllic world in which the characters strive. The next stage is where the playwright creates suspense by inserting an information gap: we know of Nora’s illegal act, but her husband does not, and she does everything to keep it secret. This in its turn brings about a conflict, the third stage. When Nora’s husband discovers her faux pas, he humiliates her and makes her suffer. Nora is disillusioned, she, as a disobedient child, did not expect this and is unable to comprehend the reality, she still expects her husband to forgive and help her.The final structural part of the play portrays the process of Nora coming of age, her transformation from a disobedient child and a flirting doll wife into an adult, serious person. This stage is shown by Nora’s unexpected departure from her idyllic past, which as she now understands was far from idyllic. The structure imposed on the events in the play, helps the audience organize the content and comprehend it. The last factor that may influence the audience’s perception of the play, and make it unforgettable, is the use of dramatic techniques such as subtle symbolism and visual effects.One recurring symbol throughout the play is the Christmas tree which in the beginning of the play represents the playful mood and happiness of the season. Ibsen also creates an undeniable association between the tree and Nora, who, like the tree, is simply decorative in her family: we know that Nora does not make any crucial decisions in the family. The Christmas tree can also not be â€Å"unveiled† as Nora refuses to show her dress before she performs her dance. In the end of the play, a very different mood is created by the same tree which has â€Å"burnt down candle stubs on its red branches,† as stated in the stage directions. The season of the play, Christmas, is also very symbolic because for many people the New Year symbolizes a new beginning, a chance to live their life in a better way. The title of the drama itself, â€Å"A Doll’s House† suggests a miniature model of a house inhabited by dolls. In this way Ibsen emphasizes that Nora’s home is a falsification of home and marriage. The pet names that Torvald uses on Nora, â€Å"little lark,† or â€Å"my squirrel† symbolize condescending attitude of men towards their wives in Ibsen’s times. Not less symbolic, are the three women characters in the drama. Apart from Nora, Mrs.Linde and the Nurse both have unfortunate past without men to support them, which shows how dependent women were on men. All these symbolic elements contribute to the impression of the spectator and help him remember the play more than the words said by the characters. One of the visual effects, which I cannot forget, is Nora’s tarantella dance. When I read bout the origin of this dance, which in south Italy was once used as a cure from the tarantula venom, I understood why Ibsen chose the tarantella to amplify Nora’s uneasiness in her ambiguous position, performing to the frantic tempo of the tarantella for her master puppeteer, her husband.By and large, Ibsen’s play produces a strong impression on the spectator, not only because of dialogues and monologues, but mostly by the controversial idea of female independence unthinkable in 1879, by the dramatic structure of Ibsen’s drama which organized the behavior and actions of the characters, and of course, by the subtle use of visual effects and symbols, all amounting to far more than the words spoken. 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