The History of Soda Pop and Carbonated Beverages

The history of soda pop (also known colloquially in different regions of the United States as soda, pop, coke, soft drinks, or carbonated beverages) dates back to the 1700s. This timeline chronicles the popular drink from its creation when it was touted as a health drink to rising concerns that soda—sweetened naturally or artificially—is a contributing factor to a growing health crisis. Inventing (Un)Natural Mineral Water Strictly speaking, carbonated beverages in the form of beer and champagne have been around for centuries. Carbonated drinks that dont pack an alcoholic punch have a shorter history. By the 17th century, Parisian street vendors were selling a noncarbonated version of lemonade, and cider certainly wasnt all that hard to come by but the first drinkable man-made glass of carbonated water wasnt invented until the 1760s. Natural mineral waters have been thought to have curative powers since Roman times. Pioneering soft-drink inventors, hoping to reproduce those health-enhancing qualities in the laboratory, used chalk and acid to carbonate water. 1760s: Carbonation techniques were first developed.1789: Jacob Schweppe began selling seltzer in Geneva.1798: The term soda water was coined.1800: Benjamin Silliman produced carbonated water on a large scale.1810: The first U.S. patent was issued for the manufacture of imitation mineral water.1819: The soda fountain was patented by Samuel Fahnestock.1835: The first soda water was bottled in the U.S. Adding Flavor Sweetens the Soda Business No one knows exactly when or by whom flavorings and sweeteners were first added to seltzer but mixtures of wine and carbonated water became popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. By the 1830s, flavored syrups made from berries and fruit were developed, and by 1865, a supplier was advertising different seltzers flavored with pineapple, orange, lemon, apple, pear, plum, peach, apricot, grape, cherry, black cherry, strawberry, raspberry, gooseberry, pear, and melon. But perhaps the most significant innovation in the realm of soda flavoring came in 1886, when J.S. Pemberton, using a combination of kola nut from Africa and cocaine from South America, created the iconic taste of Coca-Cola. 1833: The first effervescent lemonade was sold.1840s: Soda counters were added to pharmacies.1850: A manual hand-and-foot-operated filling and  corking device was first used for bottling soda water.1851: Ginger ale was created in Ireland.1861: The term pop was coined.1874: The first ice-cream soda was sold.1876: Root beer  was mass-produced for public sale for the first time.1881: The first cola-flavored beverage was introduced.1885: Charles Alderton invented Dr. Pepper in Waco, Texas.1886: Dr. John S. Pemberton created Coca-Cola in Atlanta, Georgia.1892: William Painter invented the crown bottle cap.1898: Caleb Bradham invented Pepsi-Cola.1899: The first patent was issued for a glass blowing machine used to produce glass bottles. An Expanding Industry The soft drink industry expanded rapidly. By 1860, there were 123 plants bottling soft drink water in the United States. By 1870, there were 387, and by 1900, there were 2,763 different plants. The temperance movement in the United States and Great Britain is credited with spurring the success and popularity of carbonated beverages, which were seen as wholesome alternatives to alcohol. Pharmacies serving soft drinks were respectable, bars selling alcohol were not. 1913 Gas-motored trucks replaced horse-drawn carriages as delivery vehicles.1919: The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages was formed.1920: The U.S. Census reported the existence of more than 5,000 bottling plants.1920s: The first automatic vending machines dispensed soda into cups.1923: Six-pack soft drink cartons called Hom-Paks were created.1929: The Howdy Company debuted its new drink Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Sodas (later renamed 7†¢up).  1934: Colored labeling makes its soft-drink-bottle debut. In the original process, the coloring was baked on the bottle.1942: The American Medical Association recommended Americans limit their intake of added sugar in diets and specifically mentioned soft drinks.1952: The first diet soft drink—a ginger ale called No-Cal Beverage produced by Kirsch—was sold. Mass Production In 1890, Coca-Cola sold 9,000 gallons of its flavored syrup. By 1904, the figure had risen to one million gallons of Coca-Cola syrup sold annually. The latter half of the 20th century saw extensive development in the production methodology for the manufacture of carbonated beverages, with particular emphasis on bottles and bottle caps. 1957: Aluminum cans for soft drinks were introduced.1959: The first diet cola was sold.1962: The pull-ring tab was invented by Alcoa. It was first marketed by the Pittsburgh Brewing Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.1963: In March, the Pop Top beer can, invented by Ermal Fraze of Kettering, Ohio, was introduced by the Schlitz Brewing Company.1965: Soft drinks in cans were first dispensed from vending machines.1965: The resealable top was invented.1966: The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages was renamed the National Soft Drink Association.1970: Plastic bottles for soft drinks were introduced.1973: The PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottle was created.1974: The stay-on tab was introduced by the Falls City Brewing Company of Louisville, Kentucky.1979: Mello Yello soft drink was introduced by The Coca-Cola  Company as competition against Mountain Dew.1981: The talking vending machine  was invented. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: Health and Diet Concerns Soda pops negative impact on health issues was recognized as early as 1942, however, the controversy did not hit critical proportions until the close of the 20th century. Concerns grew as links between soda consumption and conditions such as tooth decay, obesity, and diabetes were confirmed. Consumers railed against soft drink companies commercial exploitation of children. In homes and in the legislature, people began to demand change. The annual consumption of soda in the United States rose from 10.8 gallons per person in 1950 to 49.3 gallons in 2000. Today, the scientific community refers to soft drinks as sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). 1994: Studies linking sugary drinks to weight gain were first reported.2004: The first connection with Type 2 diabetes and SSB consumption was published.2009: SSB Weight gain in children and adults was confirmed.2009: With a mean tax rate of 5.2 percent, 33 states implement taxes on soft drinks.2013: New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed a law prohibiting businesses from selling SSBs larger than 16 ounces. The law was rejected on appeal.2014: The relationship between SSB intake and hypertension was confirmed.2016: Seven state legislatures, eight city governments, and the Navajo Nation issue or propose laws restricting sales, imposing taxes, and/or requiring warning labels on SSBs.2019: In a study of 80,000 women released by the journal, Stroke, it was found that postmenopausal women who drink two or more artificially sweetened beverages per day (whether carbonated or not) were linked to an earlier risk of stroke, heart disease, and early death. Sources: Ax, Joseph. Bloombergs ban on big sodas is unconstitutional: appeals court. Reuters 20 July 2017. Online, downloaded 12/23/2017. Brownell, Kelly D., et al. The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages. New England Journal of Medicine 361.16 (2009): 1599–605. Print.Kick the Can. Legislative Campaigns.  Kick the Can: giving the boot to sugary drinks. (2017). Online. Downloaded 23 December 2017.Popkin, B. M., V. Malik, and F. B. Hu. Beverage: Health Effects. Encyclopedia of Food and Health. Oxford: Academic Press, 2016. 372–80. Print.Schneidemesser, Luanne Von. Soda or Pop? Journal of English Linguistics 24.4 (1996): 270–87. Print.Vartanian, Lenny R., Marlene B. Schwartz, and Kelly D. Brownell. Effects of Soft Drink Consumption on Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Public Health 97.4 (2007): 667–75. Print.Wolf, A., G. A. Bray, and B. M. Popkin. A Short History of Beverages and How Our Body Treats Them. Obesity Reviews 9.2 (2008): 151–64. Print.Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani, PhD; Victor Kamensky, MS; JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPH; Brian Silver, MD; Stephen R. Rapp, PhD; Bernhard Haring, MD, MPH; Shirley A.A. Beresford, PhD; Linda Snetselaar, PhD; Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, PhD. Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease, and All-Cause Mortality in the Women’s Health Initiative. Stroke (2019)

Dada Art - 1293 Words

DADA â€Å"Before Dada art was in form, after Dada art is an attitude† Dada was a radical art movement started in 1914 and ended in the mid 1920’s mainly in the North Atlantic. It was created as a form of protest against World War 1 by immigrants who wanted to express a new kind of mentality in the world of art and politics at the time. Dada was the reaction and rejection of traditional society and the atrocities of World War 1 by artist of that era. It reflected their desire to oppose convention and boundaries and establish art in a new light, breaking down stereotypes and forcing people’s perception of art to be broadened. Dada existed in six main cities, Zurich, New York, Berlin, Cologne, Hanover and Paris, this happened mainly†¦show more content†¦Dadaists pushed anarchy in their disgust with the government and the destruction the war caused on their lives. Art was used to enforce political motives rather than portray conventionally accepted forms of art. The Dadaist focus was to involve the audience into critical thinking that they hope would stimulate a social revolution. Artists in Berlin included Johannes Baader, Hannah Hoch, George Gzosz and Raoul Hausmann. Their art signified and encouraged revolution and independence, it comprised of a lot of collage, typography and photomontage techniques all with the purpose of breaking away from traditional canonized art. Spontaneity in art was a significant feature in Dada. It was representative of Dada’s breaking away from constraints and we saw this in Dada’s love for collage which is random and easily assembled allowing the release of an easy flow of creative ideas, they believed that traditional art at that time, being oil paintings, required a lot of time spent on perfecting imagery which negated and stifled the artists ability to follow subconscious impulses. Collages and other Dada art were â€Å"works that disturb or humiliate traditional concepts of art†. In Cologne, Max Ernst and Hans Arp used Dada for its innovation and unconventional selfShow MoreRelatedThe Dada Art Movement During World War I1272 Words   |  6 Pages The DADA art movement was an anti- art/anti-war political movement against war (WWI). World War I caused over 6.6 million civilian and military deaths (World war I by the Numbers, 2015) and this upset many people. Artist’s decided to react and protest using their talent starting what we know as the DADA art movement.The movement began in the 1916 in Zurich, Switzerland connecting art to the social conditions of what was going on in the world. Dadaist felt the battle over the landRead MoreComparing Dada to Pop Art Essays1420 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Comparing Dada to Pop Art In this essay I will compare the Dada and Pop Art movements by depicting the characteristics of each art period, their style and social conditions that may have influenced the creation of each movement. The essay will describe the relationship between the Dada and Pop Art movements. The essay will show their similarities, differences, and the reason why Pop Art did not continue with the Dada tradition although Pop Art also utilized everyday objects as subjects toRead MoreDada vs. Walter Benjamin: What Value Does Dada Have in Context of Walter Benjamins the Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction?3101 Words   |  13 Pages------------------------------------------------- Unit 7. ------------------------------------------------- Dada Vs. Walter Benjamin: What value does Dada have in context of Walter Benjamins The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction? ------------------------------------------------- Martin Hannon ------------------------------------------------- Martin Newth ------------------------------------------------- B.A. Photography, Year 2. ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------Read MoreDad Anti Everything Art1039 Words   |  5 PagesDada: Anti-everything Art World War I was the beginning and end of many things. Gone were the orderly lines of calvary men and soldiers preparing to charge on command, and in came the age of the machine. Technology advances in weaponry made killing even easier and the trenches of WWI became a blood bath. It is in this time of confusion and violence emerged an artistic and literary movement known as Dada. Dada found it s roots in Zurich, Switzerland at the beginning of 1916. According toRead MoreComparing The Historical And Intellectual Circumstances Surrounding The Writing Of Two3390 Words   |  14 Pagesmessages that both playwrights are voicing through the use of their characters and using critical analysis to determine whether each play was successful in its purpose. Dada was a movement born out of a pool of avant-garde artists, poets, writers and filmmakers that began in 1916 in Zurich, Switzerland. The first major anti-art movement’s home was established at the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich and was appropriately named after Voltaire, an eighteenth century French satirist, whose play Candide mockedRead MoreThe Beginning Of World War I And Commencement Of A Tumultuous Era For Politics, Society And Art2149 Words   |  9 Pagestumultuous era for politics, society and art. Amongst the considerable number of people negatively affected by the dreadfulness of the war, many of them found different ways of expressing their repugnance towards the horrific routes that humanity had taken. The Dada movement in particular began not only as a reaction against the war but also as a commentary on the social circumstances that lead to it. This essay reflects on the context that allowed the art movement to flourish and the circumstancesRead MoreThe Sound of Silence Discussion Essays1237 Words   |  5 Pages(viii), simply because it is such a different idea. Dadaism was an art movement that produced works marked by nonsense, travesty and incongruity. Cage’s philosophy resembled that of the Dada art movement although he did not think so himself. This movement was focused on â€Å"anti- art† similarly to Cage’s â€Å"anti-work†. The art from the Dada movement did not mimic anything that had been seen before and it went out of the normal realm of art. This is similar to Cage’s philosophy on silence and how silenceRead MoreThe Life Of Guernica By Pablo Picasso1855 Words   |  8 Pagesother European locations by Italian Futurists in 1909-1913. A reason for Zurich was because it was a neutral position during a time where countries were being involved in such carnage of the First World War. There is this â€Å"myth of origins† in the Dada which centers on one man, this poet and theorist Hugo Ball with the Cabaret bar called the Cabaret Voltaire. He opened this in February 1916 in the Spiegeglasse in Zurich. The Cabernet was promotable through modelled prototypes in the cities whichRead MoreNietzsche and Modernism Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagestraditional subject matter and painting styles. Picasso and Braque made a great departure from traditional art when they introduced their cubist style. Where impressionist may have made the initial step, by displaying their art with a rough unfinished look and exploration of color, the cubists began to actually tear apart forms, and document their fragmented studies on canvas. They believed that what art is beyond what you expect to see. Simply painting an object as it loo ks is not a true portrayalRead MoreThe Movements of the 20th Century Culture Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter, such as the industrialization, the remarkable inventions that made our lives easier. Nevertheless, the 20th century presented a copious amount of remarkable artists that introduced us to many arts that were modernism and postmodernism; such as Pablo Picasso his work of art were considered a modern art, and Marcel Duchamp involved in Dadaism; In addition, the Cultural revolution drastically changed many people lives; Last but not least, the phenomenal changes in technology. In the early 20th century

Business Proposal Checklist Free Essays

Explain how energy evolved over time Into a consumable good. Does It still satisfy the original need for which It was created? Why or why not? How have our basic needs for energy changed? According to Breach (20061 the daily energy use per person has increased from 2,000 kcal when humans were just hunters to 244,526 kcal in 2000. From the beginning of the human race, we have used energy, First by setting wood and other materials on fire, using animals to assist In dally tasks, to using machinery, to finally evolving to the massive use of energy today. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Proposal Checklist or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today energy Is still needed to cook our DOD and make our daily lives easier thus satisfying the original need. Although energy is still necessary, I believe humans use too much Reference: Breach, A. J. (2006). Energy: Physical, environmental, and social Impact (3rd De. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall. WOK-Q: What is the connection between population growth and energy use? How are each interrelated to the supply and demand of energy consumption and creation? Explain your answer. The Increase In population Is supported by the steady increase of our use of energy. Modern society is dependent on a massive amount of energy. If that energy were not available or if it declined at any significant amount, it could have a detrimental effect on the population. Should energy supplies decline, price will increase, and the economic challenged population may have to go without needed fuel or electricity. If they are already below a sustaining level, this could be tragic. WOK-Q: Why is it more expensive to transmit electricity locally than over long distances? Please list various reasons for this. Why would an energy plant want to distribute electricity locally if there are fewer profit margins? According to Breach (2006), ten percent of electric energy Is lost In the transmission process. Of the ten percent, eight percent Is loss locally. There are higher losses of energy at very low distribution voltage. Therefore, the cost to transmit electricity locally is more expensive. The increase in market share, market growth, and no way to storage unused energy, would be reasons why an energy plant would want to distribute electricity locally even though profit margins were less. Breach, A. J. (2006). Energy: Physical, environmental, and social impact (3rd De. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall. WOK-Q: Explain what is meant by base load, intermediate load, and peak load. Why are these incepts important to understanding the production of electricity and energy management? How do these relate to the end users of the product? According to Breach, base load is the basic amount of electricity that is always required. Base load is generated by the utilities large facilities. Intermediate load is the amount of electricity that slowly cycles on and off. Peak load is the time in which demand for electricity is the greatest. Peak load is usually only a few hours a day. Utilities meet peak load demand by using additional generators that can be stated quickly. Electricity cannot be easily stored. Therefore, demand has to be anticipated by the utility company. Season and time of day are the predominate drivers of consumption. Enough electricity needs to be supplied to meet demand on the hottest day of summer. Maintaining a reliable electric system without interrupting power to the consumer cannot be accomplished without the balance of supply and demand. Describe the extent of damage done to the power grid during Hurricane Strain in Mississippi, Texas, and Louisiana. How to cite Business Proposal Checklist, Papers

Feet Descriptive Essay free essay sample

My Feet By Chris Grace Resting on the floor when I look down is one of the least favored parts on my body, my feet. The marble-like color of pink and tan blended together and the almost engraved looking marks around my ankle from wearing socks all day make them just make up some of the characteristics I hate about my feet. From the bottom of them being as rough as sandpaper and flowing into the top where it is smooth as a baby’s face to the tops of my toes coming to a ball shape like an aliens fingers there is just something weird about them. Another thing that characterizes them as weird would be all of the odd shapes and curves they contain. There are the shapes of the muscles of each toe almost shaped like straws under your skin. Along with them are the toes. They vary from being very plump and roundly shaped like the big toe to the long slender shape of the toes next to it or even to the short mangled shape of the pinky toe. We will write a custom essay sample on Feet Descriptive Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I would also characterize my feet as being gross. The dark black hair sprouting out of the tops of my toes is very unappealing. Along with that is the smell of my feet after a long day of work. It is almost as if somebody let a dead animal rot in my shoe and I smell that. Another thing that makes my feet gross to me is the way that they sweat when it is scorching hot outside. I take off my shoe and they remind me of how my feet would be after just stepping out of a shower. The last thing I would characterize my feet as would be amazing. Although they can be gross and weird they are an amazing part of my body. The way you can see all the muscles tighten up and release while walking along with the tendons pulling on your toes is very interesting when you watch it. It makes you wonder how something so odd, disgusting, and very useful is never taken to notice in our lives.

Antigone Creon Pride vs. Power free essay sample

According to Aristotle, the most important factor in a Greek tragedy is the plot. The plot must tell the actions of characters from beginning to end. Though, without the characters, the plot has nowhere to go. In Sophocles’ tragedy Antigone, each character has a distinct personality and strong beliefs. The heroine, Antigone, has some of the strongest beliefs of them all. Antigone is willing to sacrifice her own life and well being to honor her fallen brother, Polyneices. Polyneices was killed in battle by her other brother Eteocles. Antigone’s uncle and king of Thebes, Creon, wishes to honor only Eteocles’ body with a burial and wants Polyneices’ corpse to be â€Å"carrion for the birds and dogs to tear† (Lines 229-231). Antigone and Creon obviously clash in their principles throughout the story but both think that they have the correct moralities to teach to the people of Thebes. Creon believes that the people of Thebes should honor him and his power as King. We will write a custom essay sample on Antigone Creon: Pride vs. Power or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Antigone, alternatively, allows her morality to do the talking. She thinks that Polyneices should be given a proper burial as Eteocles was given. Their individual pride is what actually results in the downfall of each character. The two strong-willed personalities cannot exist in harmony. Antigone believes that one should honor the gods and do what is right, even if that comes at the expense of personal danger or undermining the sovereign of Thebes. Creon, on the other hand, believes the people of Thebes should honor political sovereignty and obey his decisions. The difference between the two characters’ morality directly affects the people of Thebes. The people of Thebes are torn between respecting Creon because he is their sovereign or respecting Antigone for following the wishes of the gods and respect the dead. This creates immediate conflict between the two characters. As the protagonist, Sophocles makes Antigone’s ideas more sensible so the reader can relate to the main character easier. In my opinion, most people would not agree with Creon’s decision and sway towards Antigone’s side in regards to what should be done with Polyneices body. In most literature, there is a main character. Good or bad, we tend to connect with the main character and his or her actions. As in present day, stories we see on the news depict the perspective of the main person related to the story. This is the same with Antigone. The more the reader understands and morally or spiritually connects to the main character and their individual morals, the more they can decide which side they wish to take. This is the dilemma the people of Thebes must face. Some believe that Antigone is correct in burying her brother’s body. Others fear the wrath of the king and respect his power. Although the ancient Greeks were heavy believers in glory and the repercussions of their actions, they still respect the king’s decisions and his power. Antigone, however, believes in doing what is right rather than what is law. She believes the gods would decide her fate in the afterlife anyway. The gods demand that the mortals worship them but they also believe that they should respect one another and everyone deserves glory. Dramatic events followed Antigone’s family through the generations. Oedipus, Antigone’s father, begged for exile upon learning he had unknowingly slept with his mother, Jocasta. Jocasta takes her own life and Oedipus gauges his eyes out and begs Creon for exile or death. Antigone did not want another one of her family members to suffer embarrassment. The account of her family’s trials and tribulations follows her family. She did not want another member of her family to be dishonored. The story of Antigone begins with the aftermath of a fatal battle between Antigone’s two brothers, Eteocles and Polyneices, where the two had fought to the death. The two brothers fought over the reign of Thebes but now, the two lay dead in the street. Creon orders Eteocles’ body to be buried and â€Å"crowned with a hero’s honors† (line 220). Polyneices, although he is Creon’s nephew, is passionately hated by Creon and thus, his remains are ordered to not be â€Å"dignified† (line 228) with a burial. Antigone is disgusted that Creon has put a claim on Polyneices body and begins contemplating burying her brother against Creon’s requests not to. She confronts her sister, Ismene, in order to ask for help. Ismene is quite apprehensive and Antigone pursues to take matters in to her own hands and bury Polyneices where his body lays even though Creon had put a death punishment on anyone who defied his wishes. She does this to show the people of Thebes and Creon that no one except a god can deem a human honorable or dishonorable. This is when the people of Thebes decide whether Antigone should have honored King Creon’s law or did the right thing by burying her brother and establishing glory in her family. This storyline provides insight to how each of the characters think and feel about the situations at hand. It gives every side of the story and gives the reader an option to create his or her own opinions on morality and the actions of the characters. Although Antigone’s actions appear more masculine than the actions of other females in Thebes, she represents a strong female character. This is very rare in Greek literature. She wants Polyneices to be given the same glory as Eteocles and believes it is not up to Creon to decide who is and who is not honorable. She makes her own decisions and sticks by those decisions with great confidence and poise. She knows that if she buries Polyneices, that Creon will put her to death. When Creon and Antigone verbally confront the issue of Polyneices’ illegal burial, Antigone states, â€Å"Of course I did it. It wasn’t Zeus, not in the least, who made this proclamation-not to me. † In stating this, she is blatantly defying Creon because she does not believe he has the right to put a claim on her brother’s body since he is not a god. Antigone is the fiancee of Creon’s son, Haemon, which escalates the decision of punishment of Antigone’s actions. Antigone’s yearn for honor and glory is shown in lines 85-86 as she states, â€Å"I will bury him myself. And even if I die in the act, that death will be a glory. † This quotation directly shows Antigone’s insatiable hunger for glory and doing what is morally right. She wants the people of Thebes to do what the gods deem morally acceptable instead of just succumbing to the beliefs of the king. Antigone wants to teach the people of Thebes that a king cannot decide honor and pride. It is to be decided by the gods and religious morals. Although Antigone’s actions of burying her brother’s body without regards to the law is honorable, her pride is her downfall as she is to be exiled in a cave to die. This is where some of the people of Thebes begin to question Creon’s decision and his motives for keeping Polyneices’ corpse unburied. King Creon views his decisions and opinions as comparable to those of the gods. He believes that his wishes are to be met by the people of Thebes as much as they would for the wishes of the gods. That mortals, such as himself, can make creeds of what is right or wrong. Creon orders that Eteocles be buried as a hero but he passionately expresses that Polyneices was an enemy of the city and to be â€Å"left unburied, his corpse carrion for the birds and dogs to tear, an obscenity for the citizens to behold! † (Lines 229-231) As the reader, this is most definitely one of the most gruesome and disgusting sentences I had ever read. It is repulsing to think about a body being left to the dogs like that. It is apparent that one human being can put claim on a dead corpse just so that he can make show his â€Å"power† to his city. The hatred possessed by Creon toward Polyneices is beyond rage but this proclamation is made to show the city of Thebes the power that he possesses and set a precedent of those who defy him. The Leader in Antigone represents the people of Thebes. After Creon addresses the city of his wishes to keep Polyneices unburied and the punishment to whomever defies him, the Leader seems to humor Creon a bit. The Leader states, â€Å"If this is your pleasure, Creon, treating our city’s enemy and our friend this way . . . â€Å". (line 236) The fact that the Leader uses the term â€Å"pleasure† begs the reader to question the sincerity of the Leader’s statement. Pleasure is more personal and cuts in to the personal enjoyment by Creon whereas, if the Leader had used the term â€Å"demand† or â€Å"law†, it would have had more a serious connotation. Quotations by the Leader are important because it represents the views of the people of Thebes as a whole. These are the people being subjected to the pride of Antigone and Creon. The Leader also foreshadows during the play. The Leader questions that the situation could â€Å"possibly be the work of the gods† (line 316). Creon responds, â€Å"You say – why it’s intolerable – say the gods could have the slightest concern for the corpse? † (line 319-320) This could be a hint that there could be interference by the gods in the future due to Creon’s actions. Not only do the Ancient Greeks believe that the gods have certain responsibilities in the lives of mortals but they are also responsible for the repercussions of actions. Foreshadowing within the piece of literature gives small hints along the way of how things are going to pan out. When Antigone disobeys Creon, he punishes her by not directly ordering her to be killed, but she is put in a remote cave to perish. Creon does not make this decision upon thinking about the consequences of his actions. When speaking to his son, Haemon, Creon states, â€Å"Spit her out, like a mortal enemy – let the girl go. Let her find a husband down among the dead. † (line 728-729) This cannot be a statement seen respectable by the gods. As part of another consequence for Creon’s actions, Thebes’s seer, Tiresias, visits Creon bringing a prophecy that since he was responsible for the death of Antigone and â€Å"keeping a dead body here in the bright air, unburied, unsung, unhallowed by the rites† (lines 1190-1191), that he must surrender one â€Å"born of his own loins† (line 1185). Shortly after this prophecy was delivered, Haemon, has taken his own life and due to that, his wife, Eurydice, had also died by her own hand. Creon is now a broken man due to his own pride. The two strong personalities of Antigone and Creon cannot coexist together in Thebes. Creon is the king and Antigone does not have the power that Creon possesses. She is unable to legally state her own decree as it will be seen as insubordinate and she will be punished. Unfortunately, the people of Thebes are afraid to disobey Creon. In modern days, different personalities can endure society. For instance, while reading Antigone, I could not help but compare the situation of Creon claiming Polyneices’ body with the 2011 capture of terrorist Osama Bin Laden. When Osama Bin Laden was captured and killed in his Pakistan hideaway on May 2, 2011,the United States of America quickly apprehended the body to make a political statement. As like Creon, the possession of Osama Bin Laden’s body gave Barack Obama the power to do what he wished with the body. Unlike Creon, Obama laid Osama Bin Laden to rest in the Arabian Sea. This establishment of power can also be shown in the death and execution of dictator Benito Mussolini. In April 1945, Mussolini and his mistress were executed and their bodies were dumped in an Italian piazza where enraged Italians took their turns spitting, kicking and shooting at the bodies. (Unknown,1) This was a political statement of power over a fallen dictator. In this case, the civilians were the ones who dishonored the body. In modern days, Antigone and Creon could exist but there would be the same struggle of values. Although these two characters evoke different religious and moral values, they are also quite similar in their desire to stand their ground for their own pride. Antigone and Creon both want glory and honor. Creon wants to be respected and quite possibly even feared by the people of Thebes so that he can rule over all and be the greatest king Thebes had ever seen. Conversely, Antigone just wants to do what is right by the gods and her family. She wants to give her brother the proper burial that everyone deserves. She does not believe Creon has the authority to claim a corpse for his own pleasure. Antigone and Creon are two characters whose values are pit against each other. Unfortunately, the pride both hold to their values causes their tragic demise. Although Antigone challenges the power of Creon, she is still the tragic heroine in the end.

Biography of Kublai Khan, Ruler of Mongolia and China

Biography of Kublai Khan, Ruler of Mongolia and China Kublai Khan (September 23, 1215–February 18, 1294) was a Mongol emperor who founded the Yuan Dynasty in China. He was the most famous grandson of the great conqueror Genghis Khan, expanding his grandfathers empire and ruling the vast territory. He was the first non-Han emperor to conquer all of China. Fast Fact: Kublai Khan Known For:  Mongol Emperor, conqueror of southern China, founder of the Yuan dynasty in ChinaAlso Known As:  Kubla, KhubilaiBorn:  September 23, 1215 in MongoliaParents: Tolui and SorkhotaniDied:  February 18, 1294 in Khanbaliq (modern-day Beijing, China)Education: UnknownSpouse(s): Tegulen, Chabi of the Khonigirad, Nambui  Children: Dorji, Zhenjin, Manggala, Nomukhan, Khutugh-beki, and many others Early Life Although Kublai Khan was the grandson of Genghis Khan, very little is known about his childhood. We do know that Kublai was born in 1215 to Tolui (the youngest son of Genghis) and his wife Sorkhotani, a Nestorian Christian princess of the Kereyid Confederacy. Kublai was the couples fourth son. Sorkhotani was famously ambitious for her sons  and raised them to be leaders of the Mongol Empire, despite their alcoholic and fairly ineffectual father. Sorkhotanis political savvy was legendary; Rashid al-Din of Persia noted that she was extremely intelligent and able and towered above all the women in the world. With their mothers support and influence, Kublai and his brothers would go on to take control of the Mongol world from their uncles and cousins. Kublais brothers included Mongke, later also Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, and Hulagu, Khan of the Ilkhanate in the Middle East who crushed the Assassins but was fought to a standstill at Ayn Jalut by the Egyptian Mamluks. From an early age, Kublai proved adept at traditional Mongol pursuits. At 9, he had his first recorded hunting success and he would relish hunting for the rest of his life. He also excelled at conquest, the other Mongolian sport of the day. Gathering Power In 1236, Kublais uncle Ogedei Khan granted the young man a fiefdom of 10,000 households in Hebei Province, northern China. Kublai did not administer the region directly, allowing his Mongol agents a free hand. They imposed such high taxes on the Chinese peasants that many fled their land. At last, Kublai took a direct interest and halted abuses, so that the population grew once more. When Kublais brother Mongke became Great Khan in 1251, he named Kublai Viceroy of Northern China. Two years later, Kublai struck deep into southwest China, in what would be a three-year campaign to pacify Yunnan, the Sichuan region, and the Kingdom of Dali. In a sign of his growing attachment to China and Chinese customs, Kublai ordered his advisors to select a site for a new capital based on feng shui. They chose a spot on the frontier between Chinas agricultural lands and the Mongolian steppe; Kublais new northern capital was called Shang-tu (Upper Capital), which Europeans later interpreted as Xanadu. Kublai was at war in Sichuan once again in 1259, when he learned that his brother Mongke had died. Kublai did not immediately withdraw from Sichuan upon Mongke Khans death, leaving his younger brother Arik Boke time to gather troops and convene a kuriltai, or selecting council, in Karakhoram, the Mongol capital. The kuriltai named Arik Boke as the new Great Khan, but Kublai and his brother Hulagu disputed the result and held their own kuriltai, which named Kublai the Great Khan. This dispute touched off a civil war. Kublai, the Great Khan Kublais troops destroyed the Mongol capital at Karakhoram, but Arik Bokes army continued fighting. It was not until August 21, 1264, that Arik Boke finally surrendered to his older brother at Shang-tu. As Great Khan, Kublai Khan had direct control over the Mongol homeland and Mongol possessions in China. He was also the head of the larger Mongol Empire, with a measure of authority over the leaders of the Golden Horde in Russia, the Ilkhanates in the Middle East, and the other hordes. Although Kublai exerted power over much of Eurasia, opponents to Mongol rule still held out in nearby southern China. He needed to conquer this region once and for all and unite the land. Conquest of Song China In a program to win Chinese allegiance, Kublai Khan converted to Buddhism, moved his main capital from Shang-du to Dadu (modern-day Beijing), and named his dynasty in China Dai Yuan in 1271. Naturally, this prompted charges that he was abandoning his Mongol heritage and sparked riots in Karakhoram. Nevertheless, this tactic was successful. In 1276, most of the Song imperial family formally surrendered to Kublai Khan, yielding their royal seal to him, but this was not the end of resistance. Led by the Empress Dowager, loyalists continued to fight until 1279, when the Battle of Yamen marked the final conquest of Song China. As Mongol forces surrounded the palace, a Song official jumped into the ocean carrying the 8-year-old Chinese emperor, and both drowned. Kublai Khan as Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan came to power through strength of arms, but his reign also featured advancements in political organization and the arts and sciences. The first Yuan Emperor organized his bureaucracy based on the traditional Mongol ordu or court system, but also adopted many aspects of Chinese administrative practice. It was a shrewd decision since he had only tens of thousands of Mongols with him, and they had to rule millions of Chinese. Kublai Khan also employed large numbers of Chinese officials and advisors. New artistic styles flourished as Kublai Khan sponsored a melding of Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism. He also issued paper currency that was good throughout China and was backed by gold reserves. The emperor patronized astronomers and clockmakers  and hired a monk to create a written language for some of Western Chinas non-literate languages. Visit of Marco Polo From a European perspective, one of the most important events in Kublai Khans reign was the 20-year sojourn in China by Marco Polo, along with his father and uncle. To the Mongols, however, this interaction was simply an amusing footnote. Marcos father and uncle had previously visited Kublai Khan  and were returning in 1271 to deliver a letter from the Pope and some oil from Jerusalem to the Mongol ruler. The Venetian merchants brought along the 16-year-old Marco, who was gifted in languages. After an overland journey of three and a half years, the Polos reached Shang-du. Marco likely served as a court functionary of some sort. Although the family asked permission to return to Venice several times over the years, Kublai Khan denied their requests. Finally, in 1292, they were allowed to return along with the wedding cortege of a Mongol princess, who was sent to Persia to marry one of the Ilkhans. The wedding party sailed the Indian Ocean trade routes, a voyage that took two years and introduced Marco Polo to what is now Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and India. Marco Polos vivid descriptions of his Asian travels, as told to a friend, inspired many other Europeans to seek wealth and exotic experiences in the Far East. However, it is important not to overstate his influence; trade along the Silk Road was in full flow long before his travelogue was published. Kublai Khans Invasions and Blunders Although he ruled the worlds richest empire in Yuan China, as well as the second-largest land empire ever, Kublai Khan was not content. He grew obsessed with further conquest in East and Southeast Asia. Kublais land-based attacks on Burma, Annam (northern Vietnam), Sakhalin, and Champa (southern Vietnam) were all nominally successful. Each of these countries became tributary states of Yuan China, but the tribute they submitted did not even begin to pay for the cost of conquering them. Even more ill-advised were Kublai Khans sea-borne invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281, as well as the 1293 invasion of Java (now in Indonesia). The defeats of these armadas seemed to some of Kublai Khans subjects as a sign that he had lost the Mandate of Heaven. Death In 1281, Kublai Khans favorite wife and close companion Chabi died. This sad event was followed in 1285 by the death of Zhenjin, the Great Khans oldest son and heir apparent. With these losses, the Kublai Khan began to withdraw from the  administration of his empire. Kublai Khan tried to drown his sorrow with alcohol and luxurious food. He grew quite obese and developed gout. After a long decline, he died on February 18, 1294. He was buried in secret burial grounds in Mongolia. Kublai Khans Legacy The Great Khan was succeeded by his grandson Temur Khan, the son of Zhenjin. Kublais daughter Khutugh-beki married King Chungnyeol of Goryeo and became Queen of Korea as well. In Europe, Khans empire prompted wild flights of fancy from the time of  Marco Polos  expedition. His name may be most remembered in western countries today from the poem Kubla Khan, written by Samuel Coleridge in 1797. More importantly, Kublai Khans reign had an enormous impact on Asian history. He is regarded as one of the greatest rulers in history. He had reunited China after centuries of division and strife and ruled with shrewdness. Although the Yuan Dynasty lasted only until 1368, it served as a precedent for the later ethnic-Manchu Qing Dynasty. Sources Polo, Marco, Hugh Murray Giovanni Battista Baldelli Boni. The Travels of Marco Polo, New York: Harper Brothers, 1845.Rossabi, Morris. Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

Review of litterature Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review of litterature - Term Paper Example Public health seeks to address health concerns for human populations. It addresses the collectivity of individual persons within a society to make up the entire society that is then referred to as the public. In this context, epidemiology deals with the prevention and control of disease for the benefit of the human population or the public for that matter (Savitz, Poole & Miller, 1999). Essentially, this definition dictates the application of epidemiology in addressing public heath matter. This is to say, the scope of epidemiology in the public health context is limited to the cause and effect relationship of disease variables that pose health risks to the public. Epidemiology as process is integrated in research work to come up with up to date information about disease trends and prevalence in the public domain. In this line, epidemiology becomes a research technique that aids the process of addressing public health concerns. It is important to point out that public health does not only deal with addressing existing and emerging public health issues, but also alleviating risk factors that are likely to result in public health issues (Kelsey, et al., 1996). In this respect, epidemiology guides the activities and practices of epidemiologists and other involved stakeholders. Epidemiology is also regarded as scientific field that generates knowledge bases that are significantly utilized in public health domains. The generated knowledge base is due for application in evaluating and analyzing epidemiologic evidence in a context within or without science. Amid this, criticisms mount on epidemiology as scholars work to link epidemiology to an applied aspect of public health. However, the common denominator is that epidemiology has a substantial role to play in enhancing public health prospects. Research into epidemiology and all its influencing variables essentially lead to